Under the dual background of the global promotion of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the technological innovation of Industry 5.0, the mixed incentive system for employees of enterprises needs to be adapted to the sustainable development of society. Based on comprehensive research and analysis, this paper preliminarily sorted out the gaps in the research on the synergy effect of incentive mechanism and sustainable development, constructed an employee incentive optimization framework with target docking, multiple incentives, technical support and institutional guarantee, and put forward specific optimization paths. It aims to solve the problems of disconnection between enterprise incentive system and sustainable development and single form, and provide practical reference for improving employee enthusiasm and promoting enterprise to fulfill social responsibility.